The Road to Doctor-ship free essay sample

As right on time as third grade, it was obvious to me that medication was an enthusiasm of mine. My father had gotten a situation in a residency program in Pennsylvania for his careful forte; so as to finish his clinical preparing and turn into a doctor he was required to live in a medical clinic gave condo. My mom had concluded that she was unable to leave our present home in Detroit and subside into another home close my dad’s medical clinic since it would be too disrupting for the family and she couldn’t bear to leave her own patients. From going through those two years of my youth without my father, I took in the colossal penances specialists make. In secondary school, my enthusiasm for medication turned out to be increasingly engaged around scholastic zones like human life systems, sub-atomic science, and logical exploration. My examination especially raised my degree of comprehension of medications and sub-atomic connections at a cell level, and it was with this g ratefulness that I amassed information about what in drugs made them viable. We will compose a custom article test on The Road to Doctor-transport or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I got associated with Science Olympiad and worked in a nearby emergency clinic as a staff assistant at the front work area, getting things done and moving blood tests. This involvement with the emergency clinic showed me how a medical clinic works and works, from receptionists and information section laborers to doctors and medical clinic heads. In addition to the fact that i was capable, and as a rule required to, associate legitimately with patients all things considered, yet I likewise found out about how patients endowed their primary care physicians with the most close to home data that they left well enough alone from even their families, similar to their ongoing auto collision or memory misfortune. So as to acquire knowledge into a physician’s everyday assignments, I worked in my mother’s inner medication practice after school during sophomore year. My obligations, which included noting the workplace telephone, planning arrangements, and recording reports, permit ted me to sharpen my authoritative aptitudes just as find out about how basic administration is in the activity of a decent private practice. I watched the associations between my mother and her patients and the manner by which patients expressed gratitude toward her. Patients would go to her in the wake of recouping from weakening sicknesses and toss their arms around her, frequently crying as they portrayed the delights of at last being their â€Å"normal selves† once more. Blossoms or natural product crates regularly showed up at her office with photographs of recouped patients, standing by and by with their families or doing the thing they love whether it be horseback riding or ball. As I was growing up, my father frequently brought home high-goals pictures of organs from medical procedures that he performed for me to gain from. This was one more factor that started my enthusiasm for the quest for a clinical vocation. I would frequently mess around with myself to perceive what number of organs I could find and mark accurately. Human life systems and its physiology became something I invested more energy self-considering.

The History of Obesity in America essays

The History of Obesity in America papers Corpulence is a multilayered and complex infection that has influenced millions all through the world. Researchers have battled to discover effective medications to reduce the issue. Heftiness is a moderately new issue, as this worldwide debacle was not a common issue or an open wellbeing worry until the mid-twentieth century. The far reaching weight around the world came to fruition so quickly and significantly that the main way it very well may be clarified is that it must be a natural, social, and social issue as opposed to a transformative event. The particular reasons for why there was an abrupt increment in heftiness have not yet been built up; be that as it may, the hidden reasons for corpulence over the top eating and absence of activity have consistently been known. [1] The stoutness pandemic is without a doubt another event, yet stoutness has been a piece of numerous social orders since ancient times. Cultural observation has moved drastically in the previous century from the conviction that heftiness was basically a restorative issue to an understanding that heftiness is a clinical and physiological issue. In spite of general wellbeing endeavors to instruct and impact society, the stoutness rate expanded tremendously because of elements prompting an inexorably inactive way of life and malicious dietary changes. Weight can be gone back to more than 20,000 years and the importance behind weight and cultural observation changes much of the time. At times, overweight individuals were seen in a positive light and now and then they were seen in a progressively disparaging style. For most of history, there was not normally a plenitude of food and when somebody was beefy, they had endurance preferences. During the renaissance time frame, chubby individuals were seen to be high class and princely. Despite what might be expected, investigations of illustrious Egyptian mummies recommend that there were white collar class fat and bold individuals; in any case, at this time, corpulence was view as frightful and hostile. In An... <!

Book Riots Deals of the Day for May 7th, 2019

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Ra 6713 “Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public...

ETHICS â€Å"Is deciding what is RIGHT and doing it† ETHICS is equated with: * Good Governance: It requires us to decide what is good. * Public Service Ethics: Requires us to give quality service to the public. * Standards, Rules, Morals - ETHICS is the â€Å"science of human duty†. ETHICS OF GOVERNANCE Good Governance is characterized with: * Accountability * Transparency * Participation * Non-Discrimination * Responsiveness * Poverty Alleviation (According to UNDP as cited by Carià ±o) * Participation * Rule of Law * Transparency * Responsiveness * Consensus Orientation * Equity * Effectiveness and Efficiency * Accountability Ethical Bases†¦show more content†¦Recommending any person to any position in a private enterprise which has a regular or pending official transaction with his office. Soliciting or accepting, directly or indirectly, any gift, gratuity, favor, entertainment, loan or anything of monetary value which in the course of his official duties or in connection with any operation being regulated by, or any transaction which may be affected by the function of his office. Unfair discrimination in rendering public service due to party affiliation. Disloyalty to the Republic of the Philippines and to the Filipino people. Failure to act promptly on letters and requests within 15 working days from receipt, except as otherwise provided in these Rules. Failure to attend to anyone who wants to avail himself of the services of the office or to act promptly and expeditiously on public personal transactions. Failure to file sworn statements of assets, liabilities and networth, and disclosure of business interests and financial connections. RA 9485 â€Å"Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007† signed into law by Pres. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on June 02, 2007 Violations Refusal to accept application and/or request within the prescribed period or any document being submitted by a client. Failure to act on an application and/or request or failure to refer back to the client a request which cannot be acted upon due to lack of requirement/s within the prescribed period. Failure to attend to clients whoShow MoreRelatedEstrada vs Sandiganbayan3238 Words   |  13 Pagesof alias by respondent Estrada was not public, was allowable under banking rules, and was an exception to illegal use of alias punishable under CA 142; in limiting the coverage of the amended Information in Criminal Case 26565; and in departing from its earlier final finding on the non-applicability of Ursua v. Court of Appeals II. Objectives 1) To determine if the use of Estrada’s alias violates CA No. 142.and violates the Bank Secrecy Law or RA 1405. 2) To be able to identifyRead MoreBanking Laws and Jurisprudence Reviewer41247 Words   |  165 PagesBanking Laws CHAPTER 1 – Banks and Business of Banking †¢ Declaration of the state with regards to banking – recognize vital role of the banks to provide environment conducive to development of national economy o It also states that banks need high standards of integrity and performance Banks – entities engaged in the lending of funds obtained in the form of deposits (borrowing, lending, safe-keeping) Banks may engage in other activities allowed by the law other than lending 2 †¢ †¢ Nature

An Introduction to Information Technology Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2685 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category IT Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Information Essay Did you like this example?   Introduction to Information Technology Law Table of Contents Introduction The Dispute Copyright infringement Definition of Fair Use What Did the Court Decide, and Why? Introduction Googles Library Project, a solution launched in 2004 allowing users to find relevant books easier. This project is also known as Google Book Search. In this project, Google partnered with several major libraries to include their collections in Google Books by scanning and categorizing the booking electronically. Google books, allowing users to perform full-text search through those scanned books. Million of books were scanned by Google which is still in copyright while Google did not obtain the copyright permission of those scanned books. Google books operated based on Googleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s search engine. The result will be displayed in an interface which full or partial book preview or some snippets or no preview at all. Google annoyed the plan to digitize books and make them available on Google Books in a rate of approximately 15 million volumes within a decade. However, Google did not obtain copyright permission while scanning millions of books that are still under copyri ght. This triggered controversy from some parties such as authors and publisher to challenged Google on digitizing Books which is in-copyright. In 2005, The Authors Guild and Association of American Publishers separately filed lawsuit against Google. The claim against Google is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"massive infringementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ on Copyright while the company failed to properly compensate authors and publishers. The group are seeking for injunction for Google to scan copyright books. Googles principal defense is fair use under 107 of the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. 107.[1] In 2008, Google has reached a settlement agreement (The Amended Settlement Agreement (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The ASAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ )) with the parties. The proposed settlement was preliminarily approved by Judge John E. Sprizzo by order entered November 17, 2008.[2] Google was expecting in exchanging for the right to make millions of books available to the public. The Settlement Agreement was revised in 2009 in or der to take care of the feedback from rightsholders. March 2011: A federal judge Denny Chin rejects the settlement reached between the publishing industry and Google because the agreement is not fair, adequate, and reasonable,[3] for example, providing a monopoly environment to Google and implementing a forward-looking business arrangement. March 2012 Google reach settlement with publishers.[44] On May 31, 2012 Judge Chin issued an opinion on denying Googles motion to dismiss and granting the individual plaintiffs motion, from Authors Guild (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“AGà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) and the American Society of Media Photographers and other named photographersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ associations (collectively à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ASMPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ), for class certification. Authors Guild v. Google Inc. [4] in their separate suits against Google relating its scanning of books and the images they contain. In late 2013, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York ruled in Googleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s favor on summary judgment2 and held that Googleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actions were fair use. This article provides a summary of the issues involved, the reasoning behind the decision and the takeaways from the case. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Introduction to Information Technology Law" essay for you Create order What is Copyright? Copyright legislation is part of the wider body of law known as intellectual property. [5] Industrial property and Copyrights are two branches of intellectual property rights while Industrial property such as patents protects inventions and copyright protects literary and artistic works.[6] As mentioned above, copyright is a form of an intellectual property. It is exclusive and assignable legal right grants the creator of an original work protecting works such as but not limited to text, artistic works, music, computer programs, sound recordings and films. The expression of copyright refers to the copying act of protected works may be made only with the authorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ authorization. [7] Hence, the copyright owners may prevent others from reproduction, distribution, rental and importation their work without their permission. Copyright can be grant to others in specific rights, for example the right for copying, a publisher may be allowed to copy the work after obtai ning a license from the author. There are few properties of copyrights: Copyright is grant to the author of the expression of the ideas as soon as it exists. In most of the countries, public registration for copyright protection is not necessary. Copyright is transferrable in full or partial form. The copyright owner is able to transfer the right to others, for example, license the copying rights to other. Unlike patents, copyright law protects only the form of expression of ideas; it does not protect ideas, concepts, styles or techniques. Copyright is separated from the property right, for example, owning a book does not grant you the copying right of the book. There are some limitations on the copyright rights. Under the law of the United States, certain categories of works are excluded from the copyright protection[8] The first sale doctrine Copyrighted work could be resell legitimately if the work is obtained legally licensed. That is the work is originally produced by or with the permission of copyright holder.[9] For example, resell of a copyrighted book which is produced in authorization of the author is legally allowed and does not infringe copyright. This first sales doctrine also subjected to some important conditions and exceptions under the Copyright Law of the United States of America Section 109(a). For example, rental of a music CD under the first sales doctrine is not allowed. Fair Use and fair dealing Copyright was subjected to a fair use limitation in some jurisdiction such as the United States. The doctrine of fair use was developed through a substantial number of court decisions over the years and has been codified in section 107 of the United States copyright law.[10] Under the doctrine of fair use, there are certain usage of copyright material are allowed legally. The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes The nature of the copyrighted work The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole The effect of the use upon the potential market for, or value of, the copyrighted work Competition law / anti-trust law The Dispute of the Goole Books Case Copyright infringement In the Google Books Case, the main focus is on Gogglesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ act of massive digitizing in-copyright material without obtaining proper permission from the copyright owners. Definition of Fair Use But third, and most important, not every à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“copyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  violates copyright law. In particular, if a copy is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fair use,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  then copyright law has not been violated. The question in this case is thus, as always, is the copying for purposes of making snippet access available à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fair use.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  As much as you know that it is wrong to download music without the permission of the copyright owner, I hope you also know that it is right to make copies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  even without the permission of the copyright owner à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  when such copies are fair use Fair use basically means there are certain situations in which copying is excused under the Copyright Laws. The Fair Use Doctrine is codified in 17 U.S.C. 107 (the Copyright Act), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: 1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; 2) the nature of the copyrighted work; 3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and 4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Classic examples of situations where the Fair Use Doctrine has applied include: news reporters copying portions of a work for purposes of news reporting and criticism;[11] The Amended Settlement Agreement In October 2008, the Amended Settlement Agreement (ASA) is a 166 pages document with the core value of allowing public access to millions of out-of-print books registered in the U.S. Copyright Office. With ASA, Google will able to (1) continue to digitize Books and Inserts, (2) sell subscriptions to an electronic Books database, (3) sell online access to individual Books, (4) sell advertising on pages from Books, and (5) make certain other prescribed uses.[12] The scope of the settlement was limited to books that were either registered with the U.S. Copyright Office or published in the U.K., Australia, or Canada, which share a common legal heritage and similar book industry practices. [13] Under this settlement, Google will establish a standalone, not-for-profit Book Rights Registry to maintain a database of rightsholders in order to locate the rightsholders and administer distributions of revenues.[14] 63% of all revenues of retailing access to the out-of-print books will be distributed to the rightsholders in accordance with a Plan of Allocation and Author-Publisher Procedures, while retailers will keep the majority of the remaining 37%.[15] For Unclaimed Works, an Unclaimed Works Fiduciary will be setup to represent the interest with respect to[16]. The fund will be hold on behalf of the rightsholders by Book Rights Registry. After five years, the accumulated fund will be used to locate the rightsholders. After 10 years, the Registry may ask the court to distribute those funds for non-profit use for the reading public. For books inserted before May 5, 2009, Google will pay $45 million into a Settlement Fund to make Cash Payments to rightsholders,[17] at minimum $60 per Principal Work, $15 per Entire Insert, and $5 per Partial Insert and maximum $300 per Principal Work, $75 per Entire Insert, and $25 per Partial Insert, depends on the amount of eligible claims. The ASA classified in-print (Commercially Available) and out-of-print (not Commerc ially Available) Books.[18] Under the ASA, Google are allowed to make only non-display use of the in-print books unless an explicit authorization was grant by the Booksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rightsholders. Google are allowed to display out-of-print books but the rightsholders may instruct Google to stop it. If the above settlement was success, it will benefit the society in: Allowing the public, such as students, scholars, and readers to search, preview, and purchase online access to of in-copyright, out-of-print books. Create a channel for authors and publishers to sell their copyrighted works Create an independent, not-for-profit Book Rights Registry that will locate and represent rightsholders, making it easier for everyone to license works; [19] Allowing the public for free, full-text, online viewing of millions of out-of-print books at designated computers in U.S. public and university libraries; and[20] Enable unprecedented access to the written literary record for people who are visually impaired. [21] There are approximately 500 filed submissions, in majority objections to ASA. According to the opinion of case The Authors Guild et al. vs. Google Inc.[22] There are 7 main objections to ASA. Adequacy of Class Notice Inadequate notice was given to certain class members of the original settlement ASA such as Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, Inc., the American Society of Journalists and Authors, Inc., and certain foreign publisher and authors associations object to the adequacy of notice.[23] Adequacy of Class Representation[24] Certain objectors object to the ASA because their interests are odds with the interest of the representative plaintiffs. The adequacy of representation inquiry considers whether à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“1) plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interests are antagonistic to the interest of other members of the class and 2) plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attorneys are qualified, experienced and able to conduct the litigation.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [25] The court concluded there is a substantial question on the existence of antagonistic interests between named plaintiffs and certain members of the class.[26] Scope of Relief Under Rule 23 The ASA consists two distinct parts. The first part is a settlement of past copyright infringement while the second part is transferred to Google certain rights in exchange for future and ongoing arruangements.[27] This is in result releasing Google from liability for certain future acts. Certain objectors were objecting to this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“forward-looking business arrangementsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in a reason that the relief goes beyond the dispute before the court in this litigation.[28] Copyright Concerns Certain objectors point out that the ASA pertaining to orphan works would result in the involuntary transfer of copyrights in violation of the Copyright Act, as copyrighted works would be licensed without the owners consent.[29] Antitrust Concerns Certain objectors object the ASA because it violates the Sherman Act in certain pricing mechanisms on the ASA. The ASA allowing Google on scanning books, especially orphan books, would also allow Google a monopoly over digital books and, hence, entrench Googles dominant position in the online search business. [30] Privacy Concerns Certain objectors contend that the ASA raises significant privacy issues.[31] By digitalizing books, Google collected huge amount of information including private information about identifiable users.[32] The protection of the use of those information is not adequate.[33] International Law Concerns Since scope of ASA was limited to books register with the U.S. Copyright Several foreign authors and entities contend that the ASA would violate international law by assuming the right of foreign rightsholders are not covered and by favouring rightsholders from certain nations.[34] On March 22, 2011, Judge Denny Chin handed down his Order rejecting the proposed settlement agreement (the ASA) between The Authorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Guild et al. and Google. He explicitly said that the ASA is not fair, adequate, and reasonable. [35] Te court would like to leave this matter to the Congress as the decision is 1) establishment of a mechanism for exploiting unclaimed books; 2) The notion that a court-approved settlement agreement can release individual rights owners who have not voluntarily consented to transfer is a troubling one; 3) ASA is violating the international principles and treaties. What Did the Court Decide, and Why? On summary judgment, Judge Denny Chin considered a variety of factors, and ultimately concluded that Googleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actions were fair use. Reference Increasing Access to Books: The Google Books Settlement: https://sites.google.com/a/pressatgoogle.com/googlebookssettlement/home Fair use the Google Books project[36] The Google Books decision: The Authors Guild v Google Inc[37] 1 | Page [1] Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 1088 Filed 11/14/13 [2] 05 CIV 8136, The Authors Guild et al. vs. Google Inc., United States District Court, see also: ECF No. 64 [3] 05 CIV 8136, The Authors Guild et al. vs. Google Inc., United States District Court, page 45 [4] I.d., page 14, see also: 282 F.R.D. 384 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) [5] Understanding Copyright and Related Rights, WIPO Publication No. 909(E), ISBN 978-92-805-1265-6, page 4 [6] Understanding Copyright and Related Rights, WIPO Publication No. 909(E), ISBN 978-92-805-1265-6, page 4 [7] Understanding Copyright and Related Rights, WIPO Publication No. 909(E), ISBN 978-92-805-1265-6, page 4 [8] Understanding Copyright and Related Rights, WIPO Publication No. 909(E), ISBN 978-92-805-1265-6, page 5 [9] Copyright à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright [10] FL-102, Reviewed June 2012, U.S. Copyright Office, https://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl102.html [11] See, e.g., Religious Technology Center v. Pagliarina, 908 F.Supp. 1353 (E.D. Va. 1995) (the Washington Post newspaper quoted brief portions of Church of Scientology texts in an article, and its use was deemed a fair use); and Italian Book Corp. v. American Broadcasting Co., 458 F.Supp. 65 (S.D.N.Y. 1978) (a television film crew covering a festival recorded a band playing a portion of a copyrighted song, and the film was replayed during the news broadcast à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  the unauthorized reproduction of the song portion in this case was deemed fair use). [12] The Revised Google Books Settlement Agreement, 3.1, 4.1-4.8; see also ASA 1.149, https://6c01e33b-a-7d83507a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/a/pressatgoogle.com/googlebookssettlement/revised-settlement/SettlementModificationsOverview.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7crqyX4nDlCchCcwFrUopGM-s65QJxsvvsxfWPwKMU4g0QLQko_j0PPkna-fXc7cJWK17tH97EeV9R5W-9458ZFK_12mosgClUMJVt1ZarH9g5gM0FVHqcIJ2seGQMIBxnl0ng45vO8E60ZrKHdkuKxb6uE-8tVX58ccaYck3VT0nL53iIM0bcsbcxG05HOUJssaDcrgJ7HvNdIzqssM Ro9VpT5tPFJ4MbFjRLTh7N-xpirYH3HNjzipjGLF8uMwadZGVT0i6Wt5Z5wVXQmZzNrdFlPcSoID0R1LLPpE6mxZUtZ4E%3Dattredirects=0 [13] I.d. [14] I.d., 6.1(b) [15] I.d., 2.1-2.4, 4.5, 5.4, [16] I.d., 3.2(e)(i), 3.3, 3.10, 4.2(c)(i), 4.3, 4.5(b)(ii), 4.7, 6.2(b)(ii) [17] I.d., 2.1(b), 13.4; [18] I.d., 1.31, 3.2, 3.3 [19] I.d., 6.1(b) [20] Id. [21] Id. [22] 05 CIV 8136, The Authors Guild et al. vs. Google Inc., United States District Court [23] I.d., Page 11 [24] I.d., Page 11 [25] I.d., page 20 [26] I.d., page 20 [27] I.d., page 21 [28] I.d., page 12, see also 17 U.S.C. 201(e) [29] I.d., page 21 [30] I.d., page 13 [31] I.d., page 12 [32] I.d., page 12 [33] I.d., page 12 [34] I.d., page 12 [35] I.d., page 45 [36] C.L.S. Rev. 2014, 30(1), 86 [37] E.I.P.R. 2011, 33(8), 531-536

Chapter 2 Outline and Key Terms Free Essays

Chapter 2 First Farmers The Revolutions of Agriculture, 10,000 b. c. e. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 2 Outline and Key Terms or any similar topic only for you Order Now –3000 b. c. e. Chapter Overview CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES †¢TO MAKE STUDENTS AWARE THAT AGRICULTURE EVOLVED INDEPENDENTLY IN SEVERAL REGIONS OF THE WORLD †¢To trace the development of agriculture and its local variations †¢To consider the social implications of the Agricultural Revolution Chapter Outline I. OPENING VIGNETTE A. In the past two centuries, there has been a dramatic decline in the number of farmers worldwide. 1. United States an extreme case: only around 5 percent of Americans, many of them over 65 years old, were still on farms in 2000 2. reat increase in the productivity of modern agriculture B. The modern retreat from the farm is a reversal of humanity’s first turn to agriculture. II. The Agricultural Revolution in World History A. Agriculture is the second great human process after settlement of the globe. 1. started about 12,000 years ago 2. often called the Neolithic (New Stone Age) or Agricultural Revolution 3. deliberate cultivatio n of plants and domestication of animals 4. transformed human life across the planet B. Agriculture is the basis for almost all human developments since. C. Agriculture brought about a new relationship between humans and other living things. 1. actively changing what they found in nature rather than just using it 2. shaping the landscape 3. selectively breeding animals D. â€Å"Domestication† of nature created new mutual dependence. 1. many domesticated plants and animals came to rely on humans 2. humans lost gathering and hunting skills E. There was an â€Å"intensification† of living: getting more food and resources from much less land. 1. more food led to more people 2. more people led to greater need for intensive exploitation III. Comparing Agricultural Beginnings A. The Agricultural Revolution happened independently in several world regions. 1. Fertile Crescent of Southwest Asia 2. several areas in sub-Saharan Africa 3. China 4. New Guinea 5. Mesoamerica 6. the Andes 7. eastern North America 8. all happened at about the same time, 12,000–4000 years ago 9. scholars have struggled with the question of why agriculture developed so late in human history B. Common Patterns 1. Agricultural Revolution coincided with the end of the last Ice Age a. global warming cycle started around 16,000 years ago b. Ice Age was over by about 11,000 years ago . end of Ice Age coincided with human migration across earth d. extinction of some large mammals: climate change and hunting e. warmer, wetter weather allowed more wild plants to flourish 2. gathering and hunting peoples had already learned some ways to manage the natural world a. â€Å"broad spectrum diet† b. development of sickles, baskets, and other tools to make use of wild grain in the Middl e East c. Amazon: peoples had learned to cut back some plants to encourage growth of the ones they wanted d. Australians had elaborate eel traps 3. omen were probably the agricultural innovators 4. gathering and hunting peoples started to establish more permanent villages a. especially in resource-rich areas b. population growth perhaps led to a â€Å"food crisis† 5. agriculture developed in a number of regions, but with variation a. depended on the plants and animals that were available b. only a few hundred plant species have been domesticated c. only fourteen large mammal species were domesticated C. Variations 1. the Fertile Crescent was the first to have a full Agricultural Revolution a. resence of large variety of plants and animals to be domesticated b. transition to agriculture triggered by a cold and dry spell between 11,000 and 9500 b. c. e. c. transition apparently only took about 500 years d. much more societal sophistication (mud bricks, monuments and shrines, mo re elaborate burials, more sophisticated tools) 2. at about the same time, domestication started in the eastern Sahara (present-day Sudan) a. the region was much more hospitable 10,000–5,000 years ago b. domestication of cattle there about 1,000 years before Middle East and India c. n Africa, animals were domesticated first; elsewhere, plants were domesticated first d. emergence of several widely scattered farming practices e. African agriculture was less productive than agriculture in the Fertile Crescent 3. separate development of agriculture at several places in the Americas a. absence of animals available for domestication b. only cereal grain available was maize or corn c. result: replacement of gathering and hunting with agriculture took 3,500 years in Mesoamerica d. Americas are oriented orth/south, so agricultural practices had to adapt to distinct climate zones to spread IV. The Globalization of Agriculture A. Agriculture spread in two ways: 1. diffusion: gradual spr ead of techniques and perhaps plants and animals, but without much movement of human population 2. colonization or migration of agricultural peoples 3. often both processes were involved B. Triumph and Resistance 1. language and culture spread with agriculture a. Indo-European languages probably started in Turkey, are spoken today from Europe to India b. similar process with Chinese farming . spread of Bantu language in southern Africa d. similar spread of Austronesian-speaking peoples to Philippines and Indonesian islands, then to Pacific islands 2. the globalization of agriculture took about 10,000 years a. did not spread beyond its core region in New Guinea b. did not spread in a number of other regions c. was resisted where the land was unsuitable for farming or where there was great natural abundance 3. by the beginning of the Common Era, gathering and hunting peoples were a small minority of humankind C. The Culture of Agriculture 1. griculture led to much greater populations 2. changes in world population a. 10,000 years ago: around 6 million people b. 5,000 years ago: around 50 million people c. beginning of Common Era: around 250 million people 3. farming did not necessarily improve life for ordinary people a. meant much more hard work b. health deteriorated in early agricultural societies c. new diseases from interaction with animals d. the first epidemics appeared due to larger communities e. new vulnerability to famine, because of dependence on a small number of plants or animals 4. ew constraints on human communities a. all agricultural people settled in permanent villages b. the case of Banpo in China (settled ca. 7,000 years ago) 5. explosion of technological innovation a. pots b. textiles c. metallurgy 6. â€Å"secondary products revolution† started ca. 4000 b. c. e. : a new set of technological changes a. new uses for domesticated animals, including milking, riding, hitching to plows and carts b. only available in the Eastern Hemisphere 7. deliberate alteration of the natural ecosystem a. removal of ground cover, irrigation, grazing b. vidence of soil erosion and deforestation in the Middle East within 1,000 years after beginning of agriculture V. Social Variation in the Age of Agriculture A. Pastoral Societies 1. some regions relied much more heavily on animals, because farming was difficult or impossible there 2. pastoral nomads emerged in central Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Sahara desert, parts of eastern and southern Africa 3. relied on different animals in different regions a. horses were domesticated by 4000 b. c. e. ; encouraged the spread of pastoral peoples on Central Asian steppes b. omesticated camels allowed human life in the inner Asian, Arabian, and Saharan deserts 4. no pastoral societies emerged in the Americas B. Agricultural Village Societies 1. most characteristic form of early agricultural societies, like Banpo or Jericho 2. maintenance of equality and freedom (no kings, chiefs, bureaucrat s, aristocrats) 3. Catalhuyuk, in southern Turkey a. population: several thousand b. dead buried under their houses c. no streets; people moved around on rooftops d. many specialized crafts, but little sign of inherited social inequality e. o indication of male or female dominance 4. village-based agricultural societies were usually organized by kinship, group, or lineage a. performed the functions of government b. the Tiv of central Nigeria organized nearly a million people this way in the late nineteenth century 5. sometimes modest social/economic inequality developed a. elders could win privileges b. control of female reproductive powers C. Chiefdoms 1. chiefs, unlike kings, usually rely on generosity, ritual status, or charisma to govern, not force 2. hiefdoms emerged in Mesopotamia sometime after 6000 b. c. e. 3. anthropologists have studied recent chiefdoms in the Pacific islands 4. chiefdoms such as Cahokia emerged in North America 5. distinction between elite and commoner wa s first established VI. Reflections: The Legacies of Agriculture A. Agriculture is a recent development in world history. 1. was an adaptation to the unique conditions of the latest interglacial period 2. has radically transformed human life and life on the planet more generally B. One species, Homo sapiens, was given growing power over other animals and plants. C. Agriculture also gave some people the power to dominate others. Key Terms AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: ALSO KNOWN AS THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION, THIS IS THE TRANSFORMATION OF HUMAN (AND WORLD) EXISTENCE CAUSED BY THE DELIBERATE CULTIVATION OF PARTICULAR PLANTS AND THE DELIBERATE TAMING AND BREEDING OF PARTICULAR ANIMALS. Austronesian: An Asian-language family whose speakers gradually became the dominant culture of the Philippines, Indonesia, and the Pacific islands, thanks to their mastery of agriculture. Banpo: A Chinese archeological site, where the remains of a significant Neolithic village have been found. (pron. bahn-poe) Bantu: An African-language family whose speakers gradually became the dominant culture of eastern and southern Africa, thanks to their agricultural techniques and, later, their ironworking skills. (pron. BAHN-too) Bantu migration: The spread of Bantu-speaking peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria or Cameroon to most of Africa, in a process that started ca. 3000 b. c. e. nd continued for several millennia. broad spectrum diet: Archeologists’ term for the diet of gathering and hunting societies, which included a wide array of plants and animals. Cahokia: An important agricultural chiefdom of North America that flourished around 1100 C. E. (pron. cah-HOKE-ee-ah) Catalhuyuk: An important Neolithic site in what is now Turkey. (pron. cha-TAHL-hoo-YOOK) chiefdom: A societal grouping governed by a chief who typically relies on generosity, ri tual status, or charisma rather than force to win obedience from the people. iffusion: The gradual spread of agricultural techniques without extensive population movement. domestication: The taming and changing of nature for the benefit of humankind. end of the last Ice Age: A process of global warming that began around 16,000 years ago and ended about 5,000 years later, with the earth enjoying a climate similar to that of our own time; the end of the Ice Age changed conditions for human beings, leading to increased population and helping to pave the way for agriculture. Fertile Crescent: Region sometimes known as Southwest Asia that includes the modern states of Iraq, Syria, Israel/Palestine, and southern Turkey; the earliest home of agriculture. horticulture: Hoe-based agriculture, typical of early agrarian societies. intensification: The process of getting more in return for less; for example, growing more food on a smaller plot of land. Jericho: Site of an important early agricultural settlement of perhaps 2,000 people in present-day Israel. Mesopotamia: The valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in present-day Iraq. native Australians: Often called â€Å"Aboriginals† (from the Latin ab origine, the people who had been there â€Å"from the beginning†), the natives of Australia continued (and to some extent still continue) to live by gathering and hunting, despite the transition to agriculture in nearby lands. pastoral society: A human society that relies on domesticated animals rather than plants as the main source of food; pastoral nomads lead their animals to seasonal grazing grounds rather han settling permanently in a single location. â€Å"secondary products revolution†: A term used to describe the series of technological changes that began ca. 4000 b. c. e. , as people began to develop new uses for their domesticated animals, exploiting a revolutionary new source of power. stateless societies: Village-based agricultural societies, usually organized by kinship groups, that functioned without a formal government apparatus. teosinte: The wild ancestor of maize. (pron. tay-oh- SIN-tay) How to cite Chapter 2 Outline and Key Terms, Papers

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vacas Humane Colonialism free essay sample

Panfilo de Narvaez and his fleet of five ships with six hundred men set out with the intention of conquering and governing the provinces given to him by King Charles V. The Spanish expedition, motivated by curiosity, greed, and religion quickly realized the magnitude of their situation after utter and complete disaster after the ventured inland. Soon, survival of the fittest and the basic necessities of life were at the forefront of their thoughts and actions. As the herd of Spanish expeditioners dwindled, they relied upon Indian kindness and generosity to save them from terrible and fateful deaths. The more they depend on the Indians, the more they began to recognize the importance of these intelligent and resourceful people. In identifying with the Indians in their precarious manner, they were integrated into a complex and hierarchical culture in which altered their lives forever. Throughout Cabeza de Vaca’s narrative, Indians of many different tribes offered their assistance with food, clothes, and information. We will write a custom essay sample on Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vacas Humane Colonialism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The single greatest opportunity for the Spaniards came about when the Indians on the Isle of Ill Fortune â€Å"tried to make us into medicine men†, and eventually â€Å"under such pressure we had to [perform a healing]† (de Vaca 49). Cabeza de Vaca says they performed all healings â€Å"by making the sign of the cross over them and blowing on [the person] and reciting a Pater Noster and an Ave Maria; and then [they] prayed as best [they] could to God Our Lord to give them health and inspire them to give us good treatment†¦ [and] they were well and healthy† (Cabeza de Vaca 49-50). These healings would ultimately revolutionize how the Europeans conducted business and interacted with the Indians because it made them medicine men. This occupation gave them access to food and they gained respect from the Indians, but they interpreted it as a â€Å"test to which God had subjected them to before revealing the true purpose of their existence† (Resendez 157). For Cabeza de Vaca, this was merely the beginning of a lifelong devotion to the Lord, Spain, and himself. As he began to question his existence, he realized that it was the will of God for Dorantes, Castillo, Estebanico, and himself to become the â€Å"intermediaries between God and the natives because they had a special connection† (Resendez 162). As more healings take place and their fame grows, the medicine men become directly connected to the Indians, and as a result they are called â€Å"children of the sun† (Resendez 167). Since they were being treated like demi-gods, they were paraded across Mexico with bands of thousands of Indians all shouting their praise for these healers. The Indians created a means of passing off the healers through a series of succession from one group to another. Throughout this process, the healers influenced the lives of the Indians by introducing Christianity and creating a relationship that could eventually lead to a more humane colonialism. The Christians were already planning this humane colonialism for â€Å"the benefit of Spain’s imperial power†; Cabeza de Vaca had even considered claiming Narvaez’s adelantamiento in which he could apply his revolutionary idea (Resendez 193). The basic scheme would be to set up a clear means of communication between the Christians and the natives. They would work out an agreement of peace between the two. The Christians would begin to colonize the New World with the establishment of churches; in which they would convert local Indians to Catholicism. Eventually they would set up trade routes would be established between towns connecting surrounding villages. All of the products would be commercialized and put on fleets bound for Spain and then the cargo would be redistributed throughout Europe. In return, Spain would return the favor bringing European goods back and essentially Europeanizing the New World. This system would have made Spain a superpower, and the images of gold would resonate throughout the hearts and minds of every Spaniard and equal subject within their mighty empire. One can see that this was merely a fantasy because of individuals like Nuno Beltran de Guzman, who drained the country of its natural resources and people. The selfishness and greed of most 16th century conquistadores is appalling, but as long as the crown got its share of the wealth, these men were supported with the things they needed to destroy a tradition that was far greater than themselves. Cabeza de Vaca’s attempt to become adelantamiento of Florida was an epic fail, but he managed to secure one in present day Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay (Resendez 208-210). He used the lessons he learned in the Americas in and attempt at a humane colonialism of these lands, but he quickly found out that his presence and ideas were not welcome in that part of the world. Resendez’s assessment of Cabeza de Vaca’s commitment to a kinder, gentler conquest is correct in the fact that it â€Å"could have transformed the brutal process† but Europeans didn’t care how they â€Å"overtook the land and riches of America† (Resendez xix-xx). The Spaniards did not want to understand the ways of these magnificent people’s culture or traditions. Religion was used by most Spaniards as an excuse or justification for their wrong doing, and they used their curiosity to further their greed. All the Spaniards cared about was money, and they exploited the Indians to get exactly what they wanted. Work Cited Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, Castaways: The Narrative of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, edited by Enrique Pupo-Walker, translated by Frances M. Lopez-Morillas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993) Resendez, Andres. A Land So Strange: The Epic Journey of Cabeza de Vaca. New York: Basic Books, 2007.

Captial Punisment Essays - Sentencing, English Criminal Law

Captial Punisment Putting to death people who have been judge to have committed certain extremely heinous crimes is a practice of ancient standing. But in the United States, in the latter half of the twentieth century, it has become a very controversial issue. Changing views on this difficult issue led the Supreme Court to abolish capital punishment in 1972 but later turned to uphold it again in 1977, with certain conditions. Indeed, restoring capital punishment is the will of the people, yet many voices have been raised against it. Heated public debate have centered on questions of deterrence, public safety, sentencing equality, and the execution of innocents, among others. One argument states that the death penalty does not deter murder. Dismissing capital punishment on that basis would require us to eliminate all prisons as well because they do not seem to be any more effective in the deterrence of crime. Others say that states which have the death penalty have higher crime rates than those that do not. And that a more sever punishment only inspires more sever crimes. But every state in the union is different. These differences include population, the number of cities, and the crime rate. Urbanized states are more likely to have higher crime rates than states that are more rural. The state that have capital punishment have it because of their high crime rate, not the other way around. In 1985, a study was published by economist Stephen K. Layson, at the University of North Carolina, that showed that every execution of a murderer deters, on average of 18 murders. The study also showed that raising the number of death sentences by only one percent would prevent 105 murders. However, only 38 percent of all murder cases result in a death sentence, and of those, only 0.1 percent are actually executed. During the temporary suspension on capital punishment from 1972 - 1976, researchers gathered murder statistics across the country. Researcher Karl Spence of Texas A&M University came up with these statistics, in 1960, there were 56 executions in the United States and 9,140 murders. By 1964, when there were only 15 executions, the number of murders had risen to 9,250. In 1969, there were no executions and 14,590 murders, and 1975, after six years without executions, 20,510 murders occurred. So the number of murders grew as the number of executions shrank. Spence said: ?While some [death penalty] abolitionists try to face down the results of their disastrous experiment and still argue to the contrary, the...[data] concludes that a substantial deterrent effect has been observed...In six months, more Americans are murdered than have been killed by execution in this entire century...Until we begin to fight crime in earnest [by using the death penalty], every person who dies at a criminal's hands is a victim of our inaction.? And in Texas, the highest murder rate in Houston (Harris County) occurred in 1981 with 701 murders. Since Texas reinstated the death penalty in 1982, Harris County has executed more murderers than any other city or state in the union and has seen the greatest reduction in murder from 701 in 1981 down to 261 in 1996 - a 63% reduction, representing a 270% differential. Also, in the 1920s and 30s, death penalty advocates were known to refer to England as a means of proving capital punishment's deterrent effect. Back then, at least 120 murderers were executed every year in the United States and sometimes the number reached 200. Even then, England used the death penalty far more consistently than we did and their overall murder rate was smaller than any one of our major cities at the time. Now, since England abolished capital punishment about thirty years ago, the murder rate has subsequently doubled there and 75 English citizens have been murdered by released killers. Abolitionists will claim that most studies show that the death penalty has no effect on the murder rate at all. But that's only because those studies have been focused on inconsistent executions. Capital punishment, like all other applications, must be used consistently in the United States for decades, so abolitionists have been able to establish the delusion that it does not deter at all to rationalize their fallacious arguments. But the evidence shows that whenever capital punishment is applied consistently or against a small murder rate it has always been followed by a decrease in murder. There is not an example on how the death penalty has failed to reduce the murder rate under those conditions. So capital punishment is very capable

What is the Best Alternative to Prison essays

What is the Best Alternative to Prison essays  ³The U.S. prison population has tripled since 1980 so that on any given day there are 1.5 million Americans behind bars. ² (Alternatives 1). There is a clear overcrowding problem in todays prisons. Why? I believe that the population explosion in the prison system is due to the increasing moral decline of America. Prisons should keep dangerous criminals off the streets and keep others from committing a crime. (Prisons 1) One would think that being locked up is to be feared. But in today ¹s society, criminals simply do not care.  ³Incarceration is not effective in crime reduction ² (Alternatives 1). But what can be done to fix this ever growing epidemic? More prisons can always be constructed, right? Building more jails is expensive and does not solve the problem. (Prisons 1) So we must now search for plausible alternatives to incarceration. First of all, there is the option of only putting violent criminals in jail. Non-violent criminals could be put into work programs. (Prisons 2) They could spend their days cleaning and repairing America ¹s highways and national parks. This, in my opinion is an excellent idea! Yet we still have to deal with the violent criminals. There are some different options in punishing those individuals.  ³Early release programs let prisoners out of jail before their sentence is complete. This promotes good behavior in prison and keeps the prison population lower. However, many released prisoners just commit another crime and are returned to jail ² (Prisons 1). Early release seems as though it would work wonderfully, but alas falls short. I think that prisoners should not be released early, or at all for that matter. They should serve out their complete term. If parole were not an option, maybe someone would think twice before they pull the trigger. And for those who don ¹t take heed, they would be locked up where they belong. The last option is by far the best in my eyes. ...

Strategic Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Operations Management - Essay Example â€Å"Operational activities are central to the provision of services and /or goods. Every organization provides a product and service combination. A meal in restaurant, a visit to the hospital, buying a pair of Levi 501s, making a pair of Levi 501s, insuring an automobile, staying in an hotel, going to the cinema,; all have operations activities and their management is central to the successful provision of goods and services.† 1 In this example, we are examining the operational activities of a small manufacturing company engaged in the production of automotive components. It is a known fact that small scale manufacturing companies undertake many diverse activities in providing different types of products and services. Modern organizations are complex entities, especially the small scale enterprise, and there will be many different types of operation, both in individual firms as well as across different industries. This clearly reveals that the types of operation vary across different sectors, and there are external factors that influence the organization in many ways. Over the past two decades, leaders of virtually all organizations -- big and small -- have come to understand that external forces can exert more influence over an organization than management itself does. Legislation and public opinion, for example, can greatly expand or restrict what an organization can do and how it does it. As a result, many organizations now try to monitor these external forces, looking for signs where new controversies or new opportunities may be brewing on the business horizon. In today’s competitive and highly sophisticated business world, awareness of those external factors is crucial for a business entity. These factors also determine the sustenance of an organization. Generally speaking, these factors exist both at ‘micro’ and ‘macro’ levels. At a closer micro level, the external elements include suppliers, competitors,

Roles and Governance Models Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Roles and Governance Models - Research Paper Example The roles are disintegrated for each professional and have to execute it diligently to ensure that the project becomes a success. The basic role of a software engineer is to build and develop software according to the specifications that will serve the purpose as documented in paper work. When a project is proposed, it is always in a paper work, it then calls for a software engineer to interpret the information by programming (Dickens, 2006). Through programming language, the software engineer is able to come up with a system that does exactly what is proposed in the paper work. The engineer must be good in data structures and algorithms for this stage of the project to successfully be realized. The software is varied and only conforms to the purpose to which it is planned; a software engineer must therefore be good in programming to produce quality work. A system architect plays more or less the same role as software engineer; he is responsible for the development of the design of the software given that he understands best the customer’s specifications. Software must be designed first before actually it is developed, the analogy here is the plan of the hours, the architect has to draw the plan of the house before engineer can come in, the same principles applies in the development of the software. System analyst is a guru in the development of software and that is why they are able to work out architectural design of very complex systems for the developers to execute the remaining development. In this regard, it explains how close the team operates in the achievement of the purpose (Dickens, 2006). Business analyst is responsible for the dealing with the customers to identify the taste of the customers so that he can provide specification of the software project. Business analyst is responsible for knowing what the customers want so that he is able to provide the same

Efficiency Rise in PCDTBT:PC70BM Organic Solar Cell

Efficiency Rise in PCDTBT:PC70BM Organic Solar Cell Efficiency Rise in PCDTBT:PC70BM Organic Solar Cell Using Interface Additive Rashmi Swami, Rajesh Awasthi, Sanjay Tiwari Abstract Solar cell can be designed with photoactive layer of organic and inorganic materials. Organic materials, particularly polymers, are a promising alternative to traditional semiconductors as the active material for solar cell because of their low cost, low temperature energy processing, low material requirement, can be used on flexible substrate, can be shaped to suit architectural application. Low efficiency is one of the biggest problem with organic solar cell. In order to increase the efficiency of bulk hetero-junction organic solar cell we are using interface surfactant additive poly(oxyethylene tridecyl ether) (PTE) with blend photoactive layer. Here we are reporting on the enhanced photovoltaic (PV) effects by means of a polymer bulk-hetero-junction (BHJ) layer having PCDTBT which is poly(N-9-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4,7-di-2-thienyl-2,1,3†²-benzothiadiazole)) as a low-band gap e’ donor/HTL polymer and PC70BM which is [6,6]-phenyl C70 butyric acid methyl e ster as an acceptor/ETL, doped with poly(oxyethylene tridecyl ether) (PTE) which is an interface surfactant additive. For PCDTBT:PC70BM organic solar cell , we recorded 0.886 V open-circuit voltage (VOC), 11.7 mA/cm2 short-circuit current density (JSC), and 47.3% fill factor (FF) and PCE of 4.9%. For PCDTBT:PCBM70:PTE organic solar cell, we recorded VOC of 0.904 V, higher values of JSC of 13.8 mA/cm2, FF of 48.2% and improved PCE of 6.0% for a PTE concentration of ca. 0.164 wt%. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) reaches to 6.0%, by the addition of PTE to a PCDTBT:PC70BM system which is much higher than a reference device not including the additive (4.9%). Increase in efficiency is because of the increase in lifetime of charge carrier, which is due to the existence of PTE molecules at the interfaces sandwiched between the BHJ photovoltaic active layer and the anode and cathode, in addition to the phase-separated BHJ domains interfaces. Keywords – Organic Solar Cell, PCDTBT, PCBM, PTE, IPCE, Bulk hetero-junction. Introduction The global rising demand for low-priced electricity has triggered deep research on solar cells comprising organic semiconductors. Organic solar cell (OSC) technology has received significant attention over the past decade due to the simple, flexible nature of polymer photovoltaics and the potential to develop a clean, cost-efficient renewable energy source. The key development of organic solar cells has been made with the pioneering concept of ‘‘bulk hetero-junction (BHJ)’’ photoactive layers [1-2].The bulk hetero-junction (BHJ) PSC [1][3] is of particular interest, due to the efficient photo-induced generation of charge in its blended photovoltaic (PV) layer, that is consisted of interpenetrating, channel-like domains of separated fullerene and polymer. Following the annealing of the BHJ structure at elevated temperatures, PSCs with PV layers of P3HT which is poly(3-hexylthiophene) and PCBM60 which is phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester have shown high pow er conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 3-5%. Efficiency of P3HT:PCBM organic solar cell is upto 5% because of the limitations of conventional P3HT, whose bandgap lies at around 1.9 eV, which limits absorbance to wavelengths below 650 nm [4]. To improve the efficiency of PSC we need new active materials having lower bandgap to harvest more solar photons. More recently, a PCE of 5-6% was reported for a BHJ PSC that used a blend of PCBM70 and PCDTBT having a bandgap of 1.88 eV [5,6]. Using ‘processing additives’ PCE of organic solar cell can be increased [7-9]. To increase carrier lifetimes (reduce recombination loss) we modify the BHJ interfaces between the phase-separated domains of the donor-conjugated polymer and the acceptor fullerene, and added a non-ionic surfactant poly(oxyethylene tridecyl ether) (PTE) as an additive to the PV layer. In this paper we investigated J-V characteristic and IPCE spectra of PCDTBT:PC70BM organic solar cell with and without PTE. 1.1 Donor molecule Next generation HTL/donor material for organic photovoltaics is Poly[[9-(1-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazole-2.7-diyl]-2.5-thiophenediyl-2.1.3 benzothiadiazole-4.7-diyl-2.5-thiophenediyl] (PCDTBT) shown in Fig. (1) which can produce better efficiencies and lifetimes. The main qualities of PCDTBT are lower HOMO and LUMO levels narrow band gap Increased open circuit voltage Longer wavelength absorption Lower concentration and material usage Improved stability under ambient conditions High electron and hole generation rate and high mobility of electron and hole. Fig. 1. Molecular structure of PCDTBT. 1.2 Acceptor molecule Extremely symmetrical cage-shaped molecules of carbon atoms is Fullerenes as shown in Fig. (2). For the separation of photoexcited exciton into free charge carriers blending of conjugated polymers (electron donor) with fullerenes (electron acceptors), is extremely efficient way. Fig. 2. Molecular structure of PC70BM. 1.3 PTE additive Poly(oxyethylene tridecyl ether) (PTE) shown in Fig. (3) as an additive have low (- 8.1 eV) highest- occupied-molecular-orbital (HOMO) and high (à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­2.1 eV) lowest-unoccupied-molecular- orbital (LUMO) [10–12]. Fig. 3. Molecular structure of PTE. Experimental Details The sample BHJ PSCs were fabricated in a sandwich structure with an anode of indium tin oxide (ITO) and an Al:Li/Al cathode. Patterned 80-nm-thick ITO glass was cleaned by sequential ultrasonic treatment in detergent, deionized water, acetone, and isopropanol, and then treated in an ultraviolet-ozone chamber for 15 min. Then, a ca. 40-nm-thick hole-collecting PEDOT:PSS buffer layer was spin-coated onto the ITO electrode. On the top of the PEDOT:PSS layer spin coat the blended solution of PCDTBT (0.456 wt%), PCBM70 (1.824 wt%), and PTE additive in dichlorobenzene. The PV layer was about 85 nm thick. Finally, for the cathode, a ca. 1-nmthick Al:Li alloy (Li: 0.1 wt%) layer and a pure Al (ca. 50-nm-thick) layer were created on the photovoliaic layer through thermal deposition (0.5 nm/s), at a foundation pressure below 2Ãâ€"10-4 Pa. The sample device structure studied was therefore [ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PCDTBT:PC70BM:PTE/Al:Li/Al] as shown in Fig. (4). The active area of the fabricated device was 3Ãâ€"3 mm2. For comparison, a reference PSC was fabricated with the structure [ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PCDTBT:PC70BM/Al:Li/Al] as shown in Fig. (5). In 100 mW/cm2 illumination intensity produced by an AM 1.5G light resource, the performance of the PSCs was measured,. With the help of a source meter (Keithley 2400) the photocurrent-versus-voltage (J-V) characteristics were measured. The IPCE (incident photon-to-current collection efficiency) spectrum were measured for the PSCs studied using an IPCE measurement system. Fig. 4. ITO/PEDOT:PSS/ PCDTBT:PC70BM:PTE /Al:Li/Al Organic Solar Cell. Fig. 5. ITO/PEDOT:PSS/ PCDTBT:PC70BM /Al:Li/Al Organic Solar Cell. Results And Discussion As shown in Fig. (6) for PCDTBT:PC70BM organic solar cell , under an illumination of AM 1.5G and 100 mW/cm2, we recorded 0.886 V open-circuit voltage (VOC), 11.7 mA/cm2 short-circuit current density (JSC) and 47.3% of fill factor (FF) and PCE of 4.9% a value comparable with those reported by others [6]. For PCDTBT:PC70BM:PTE organic solar cell, we recorded VOC of 0.904 V, higher values of JSC of 13.8 mA/cm2, FF of 48.2% and improved PCE of 6.0% for a PTE concentration of ca. 0.164 wt%. These increased values resulted in an improved efficiency of 6.0%, which led to a PCE that was up to 22% higher than that of PCDTBT:PC70BM based organic solar cell. Fig. 6. The current-voltage characteristics of BHJ OSCs with and without the PTE additive. We further investigated the PV performance of the OSCs that incorporated the PTE additive by studying the IPCE spectra. Fig. (7) shows the observed IPCE spectrum of the PSC devices. It can be seen that the IPCE values are consistent with the variations in JSC for the OSCs with and without the PTE additive. The maximum IPCE was 73.0% at 470 nm for the sample device with the PTE additive, which corresponded to the highest JSC (13.8 mA/cm2 ), while the IPCE value was about 60.9% for the reference device without the additive, which had the lowest JSC (11.7 mA/cm2 ). Fig. 7. IPCE spectra of PCDTBT:PC70 BM OSCs with and without the PTE additive. Conclusions In conclusion, we have reported on the use of a low-bandgap PCDTBT:PC70BM-based PV layer that incorporates a PTE surfactant, which was used to the BHJ interfaces in OSCs. We have shown that BHJ OSCs that contain the interface PTE additive are more efficient than conventional OSCs. A high PCE (6.0%) was obtained for our PCDTBT:PC70BM (1:4 w/w) OSC device using 0.164 wt% of the PTE additive, which yielded improvements in PCE of up to 22%. This improvement may be attributed to the increased selective flow of dissociated charge carriers, not only at the interfaces of the PV layer and the electrodes, but also at the BHJ interfaces between the PCDTBT and PC70BM domains. Our findings show that a combination of PTE interface additives and high-performance low-band gap PV materials holds great potential for the development of a new generation of highly efficient OSCs. References [1] G. Yu, J. Gao, J.C. Hummelen, F. Wudl, A.J. Heeger. Polymer Photovoltaic Cells:Enhanced Efficiencies via a Network of Internal Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions. Science, New Series, 1995, 270(5243): 1789-1791. [2] J.J.M. Halls, C.A. Walsh, N.C. Greenham, E.A. Marseglia, R.H. Friend, S.C. Moratti, A.B. Holmes. Efficient photodiodes from interpenetrating polymer networks. Nature, 1995, 376: 498–500. [3] C. J. Brabec, N. S. Sariciftci, and J. C. Hummelen. Plastic solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2001, 11(1): 15–26. [4] K. M. Coakley and M. D. McGehee. Conjugated polymer photovoltaic cells. Chem. Mater., 2004, 16(23): 4533–4542. [5] S. H. Park, A. Roy, S. Beauprà ©, S. Cho, N. Coates, J. S. Moon, D. Moses, M. Leclerc, K. Lee, and A. J. Heeger. Bulk heterojunction solar cells with internal quantum efficiency approaching 100%. Nat. Photonics, 2009, 3(5): 297–302. [6] J. Zhou, X. Wan, Y. Liu, F. Wang, G. Long, C. Li, and Y. Chen. Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of a poly(2,7-carbazole) derivative based on dithienosilole and benzothiadiazole. Macromol. Chem. Phys., 2011, 212(11): 1109–1114. [7] J. Peet, J. Y. Kim, N. E. Coates, W. L. Ma, D. Moses, A. J. Heeger, and G. C. Bazan. Efficiency enhancement in low-bandgap polymer solar cells by processing with alkane dithiols. Nat. Mater., 2007, 6(7): 497–500. [8] G. Garcia-Belmonte and J. Bisquert. Open-circuit voltage limit caused by recombination through tail states in bulk heterojuction polymer-fullerene solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2010, 96(11): 113301. [9] Y. Liang, Z. Xu, J. Xia, S.-T. Tsai, Y. Wu, G. Li, C. Ray, and L. Yu. For the bright future-bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells with power conversion efficiency of 7.4%. Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.), 2010, 22(20): E135–E138. [10] Y. I. Lee, M. Kim, Y. Ho Huh, J. S. Lim, S. Cheol Yoon, and B. Park. Improved photovoltaic effect of polymer solar cells with nanoscale interfacial layers. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2010, 94(6): 1152–1156. [11] B. Park, Y. H. Huh, and M. Kim. Surfactant additives for improved photovoltaic effect of polymer solar cells. J. Mater. Chem., 2010, 20(48): 10862–10868. [12] J. H. Park, S. S. Oh, S. W. Kim, E. H. Choi, B. H. Hong, Y. H. Seo, G. S. Cho, B. Park, J. Lim, S. C. Yoon, and C. Lee. Double interfacial layers for highly efficient organic light-emitting devices. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 90(15): 153508.

Disembodied Existence After Death Is Entirely Possible

Lauren Cole ‘A disembodied existence after death is entirely possible’ Discuss. Plato takes a dualist view and therefore believes that a disembodied existence is entirely possible and the soul is distinct from the body. At our death, the soul is set free from the body where it has been ‘imprisoned’ and it is now able to achieve its ultimate goal and reach the world of the forms. The soul is the only immortal part of the body and survived the world of the forms before it came entrapped in the body, thus when we learn we are simply recalling what our soul knew before.Plato holds a negative view of the body as it distracts the soul from seeking the forms with its trivial worldly desires such as sex. If we want to be true philosophers we need to avoid distractions and concentrate on gaining knowledge of the forms. In order to further explain this Plato uses the chariot analogy in which the mind and body are out of control horses and the soul is being driven by t he in the chariot so needs to reign them in and control them.The soul outside of the body is simple and without parts yet the soul inside the body is complex and has different aspects such as reason, spirit and desire. Peter Geach disagreed with Plato and questioned what is can mean for the disembodied soul to see the forms, given that seeing is a process linked to the body and the bodies’ senses. Plato has two main arguments to prove the existence of the soul; the first is the argument from knowledge which argues that learning is simply remembering what the soul has previously known in the world of the forms.We just need to remember it, and this shows that things exist before we learn them for example; gravity existed before we knew it. However, many people argue that learning is not a matter of remembering, but instead is a matter of acquiring new knowledge. The second is the argument for opposites in which Plato argued that the physical world consists of opposites such as big and small, light and dark, sleeping and waking. The opposite of living would be death, yet for death to be an actual thing and not just nothing, the soul must exist.Aristotle believed that the soul in the form and shape of the body and is a substance like matter because matter can be given a form and be many different things, but what gives matter its function is its form. By suggesting this, Aristotle means that; the soul gives shape to the matter which is the body and the soul is the principle of life or activity of the body. Aristotle argued that there is a kind of hierarchy of faculties in the soul and suggested that the faculties are nutrition, perception, desire, locomotion and intellect.Plants have the faculty of nutrition, they obtain food and this is what keeps them alive however, animals not only have this capacity but also other capacities such as perception and desire. The faculty of intellect distinguishes humans on the hierarchy. Thus he believes that the soul is à ¢â‚¬Ëœthe cause and principle of the living body’ and therefore it cannot survive after death as the Form of the body is inseparable from the body. However, confusion has been caused as Aristotle did suggest in his writings that intellectual thought could possibly be separated from the soul and be eternal.The identity theory claims that mental activities are centred in the brain and this is supported by scientific research surrounding the modification of mood, character and behaviour by drugs. If drugs affect our character surely this suggests mental activity is not linked to an immortal soul or a separate identity, but to the brain. Hence, when physical life ends, mental activity ends and we cease to exist and have knowledge. This theory has been criticized by T.Davis who argues that identity theory has been concurring how ‘intentionality’ can be explained. Brain activity does consist of nerves functioning in the brain and when you make a decision you form an in tention, yet neural activity has no intentionality, therefore perhaps a soul or other entity controls our intentionality. Davis also points out that mental events are private and have no physical location as they are very personal to the individual.Although Richard Dawkins was a strict atheist he believed in a disembodied existence after death for other reasons, arguing that individuals cannot survive death completely, but do continue to live through memories and genes. He points out that genes do not have any direction although they are ‘potentially immortal’ as they are ‘the basic unit of natural selection’. For those that do not believe in religious teachings, Dawkins theory is convincing as we remember those that have died through many generations and their genes have also been passed down through their family.

Brenda’s Flight Essay

As Gregor saw his many legs waving in the air it symbolizes the rejection of different people because as a traveling salesman he used to move constantly from one place to another and in the habit of waking up in unfamiliar surroundings and various circumstances. He must show his patience, perseverance and eagerness to induce many customers because from that he can earn his living. But as we all know not all the people that we used to mingle with can accept and entertain us positively. The weight on Gregor’s life represents the resistance to change in family tradition that he is the financial head of the household; nobody else probably works in his family; their whole present and comfortable existence relies upon Gregor’s employment. Most of his burden is the debt which his father owes to the employer for whom Gregor now works. His mere condition shows the exploitation of one by many because the reactions of his own family revealed that he is just an impending burden to them. They care for him but they are so horrified by his presence that’s why they take to shutting Gregor into his room. They tend to shrink back whenever he reveals himself and his father embedded one of the apples in his back, causing an infection. As he hides himself underneath a sheet is the metaphor for rejection of sick people because it attests that he is afraid to see and to be seen by other people because of that his family becomes the jailer, they locked Gregor in from the outside. Though bereft of human contact, he is still concern for his family and at the same time mad at them for neglecting him. We can de – humanize our enemies by letting them realize their fault and shortcomings; in short we try to touch their conscience. Just like the way Gregor did in this story, he would have left his family out of love and taken their burden away. He returns to his room and collapses, finally giving in to his wound and starvation. I think he did that for one good reason to open the mind of his family that during the days of helping them and even sacrificing for their benefits, he didn’t even murmured or ask something in return coming from them. The Nazi treatment of Jews in the hand of Germany headed by Hitler was violent and so bloody. Hitler called the Jews as his enemies. Enemy defined as opponent or hostile nation. When we called somebody as an opponent it simply meant that we must do something that would hurt them, made them miserable and finally killed them. These are the objectives of Hitler to all his enemies. He pursued boycotts for the Jewish shops and businesses in ! 933; in 1934, the law banned all the Jewish form public places; plundered the Jewish teachers, civil servants and lawyers. Some of the maltreatments were removing the privilege to the Jews to become a German citizen; restriction of inter racial marriage;working and holding property in Germany; the assassination of many Jews and yet penalizing them. The reason why all of these things happened because of selfish desire and greediness. These are not good if many would suffer and be affected by covetousness and hatred. Hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group is considered as the meaning of anti – semitism. The anti – Semitism in Europe was almost the same predicament of that in the Nazi, Germany. The hatred to the Jews that’s inside their heart becomes deeper and deeper. One example of this was a soccer match between the Israeli and Belgian national teams in Hasselt, Belgium, when Muslim fans waved Hamas and Hezbollah banners, and chanted: â€Å"Jews to the gas chambers! † and â€Å"Strangle the Jews! â€Å"(taken from the Cancer of Anti – Semitism in Europe). We can conclude in this simple illustration that the hatred developed in the past still lingers in the present situation. The suppression of one’s freedom and stepping onto the human rights of a person developed them in two personalities: they may become weak and dependent while on the other hand a person may possess a strong will to fight and defend himself from his enemies. According to Iris Bruce and Cassill, many interpretations of Franz Kafka’s writings have accentuated their psychological, religious, existential and moral dimensions and initiated a whole genre of the kqfkaesque which summon up associations of the grotesque and absurd but is rarely associated with a sense of humour. A ‘Kafkaesque,’ or Kafka-like situation being one of a strange or nightmarish quality become a part of the language from Kafka’s name. Generally, after World War II (and fundamentally due to the prominence of New Criticism and Existentialism in the literary academies during this time), a Kafka myth has crystallized which stresses Kafka’s existential anguish: interpretations, be they religious, phenomenological, existentialist, symbolic or allegorical, center on the psychology of the author, who is presented as being overcome by the sense of absurdity and alienation so prevalent in twentieth. Where this metaphysical approach in literary translation as a discipline has been most detrimental is in its emphasis on the â€Å"universal† rather than on specific textual elements, in the fascination with Kafka’s personal neuroses, in the mingling of psychological speculation and literary criticism which frequently led to a â€Å"false confusion of empirical and literary selves† and most importantly in its overall disregard of the playful and humorous dimension in Kafka’s texts. Conclusion Kafka’s wanted to share the reality that is happening into our life or others life particularly in our society nowadays. The Metamorphosis was all about Gregor Samsa. This story emphasized the way a man entered the world of despised and how discrimination created hostility. Even his own family tired to suppressed, despised and hurt him not only physically but mentally. The same with our society, the persons who are in the authority sometimes take advantage of everything even to the point that they stepped onto the human rights and privilege of a person. Loving something or someone because you profit from them will not be a good foundation because what if the proceed is gone, are you going to hate him or still love him? Conflict is always present if the environment that we used to stay with is not that aware that justice must be offer to everyone. Hurting people or even killing them without important reason, it’s simply because of selfish desire and hatred won’t make any sense in reality. Instead of doing those things, why don’t we learn to love and forgive them? In the end, we’re going to realize that love is the answer in any changes or metamorphosis that will happen in to our life. Love conquers hatred. Works Cited Peter Kuper Kafka’s The Metamorphosis http://www. randomhouse. com/crown/metamorphosis/ Walker, Jews in Nazi Germany http://www. schoolhistory. co. uk/lessons/germany/jews. html Understanding the Treatment of Jews during World War II http://www. dummies. com/how-to/content/understanding-the-treatment-of-jews-during-world-w. html Edward B. Donnell Jr. , Anti-Semitism in Europe Today http://www. state. gov/p/eur/rls/rm/38113. htm The Cancer of Semitism in Europe http://www. aish. com/societyWork/society/The_Cancer_of_Anti-Semitism_in_Europe. asp

The Heart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad - 2279 Words

When you hear of the word â€Å"darkness†, what do you think of? The simple definition of â€Å"darkness† is the lack of presence of light. In â€Å"The Heart of Darkness† by Joseph Conrad, â€Å"darkness† is relevant throughout the text. â€Å"Darkness† is evident in many of the themes and even the setting of the text. The biggest theme of the text is imperialism. If we were to rewind many years back, imperialism was one of the darkest times. During imperialism, the â€Å"civilized† countries have invaded the â€Å"uncivilized† countries to exploit the indigenous people of the â€Å"uncivilized† country. Along with the exploitation of the indigenous people many of them were killed. Just learning about the age of imperialism filled the classroom with clouds of darkness. How can someone be so dark? In the text Joseph Conrad tries to contrast light from dark and white from black. Conrad makes it clear that he does not support the darkness imperialism brought to the world. Conrad uses â€Å"darkness† throughout the text in many different situations, this paper will analyze the different purposes and different styles used when Conrad introduces â€Å"darkness† in the text. One key use of the term â€Å"darkness† is to symbolize the unknown. Conrad employs the style of keeping the names of characters secretive. Conrad begins and ends the text with an unnamed narrator. He continues this style by leaving many other characters unnamed and calling them by the job they do. For example, he uses helmsman, accountant, lawyer, doctor andShow MoreRelatedHeart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad1471 Words   |  6 PagesIn the story Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad a sailor decides to travel to Africa on a whim, using family connections he enlists as the captain of a ship travelling up the Congo River. The novella provides many themes, however is the text in itself racist? One of the main concepts portra yed in Heart of Darkness is the treatment of the natives of Africa and their image. This is most commonly shown through the disparity of the image between what is said in the novel and what can be read throughRead MoreHeart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad Essay1371 Words   |  6 Pagesevery human and everything created by humans has two sides to it: the form and the substance. Joseph Conrad’s novella â€Å"Heart of Darkness† shows precisely how dangerous it is to put our trust in a concept, for example: colonization, without realizing that most of the time one only gets to see the form and not the substance. In this essay, my purpose is to demonstrate that â€Å"Heart of Darkness† by Joseph Conrad is mainly a novella about the discrepancy between substance and form. In order to prove my pointRead MoreHeart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad1378 Words   |  6 PagesWoytassek AP English 12 Heart of Darkness Reading Log Author: Joseph Conrad Title: Heart of Darkness Original Publication Date: 1899 Kind of Writing: Heart of Darkness is a colonial novella of an expository narrative. Writer’s Purpose and Intended Audience Joseph Conrad wrote Heart of Darkness because he wanted to expose human temptation to experiment with darkness when one’s own desires overcome one’s morals. By writing from his own experience of exploring the Congo, Conrad draws conclusions thatRead MoreThe Heart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad983 Words   |  4 PagesThe Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad is a story that takes place in the early 1890s and presents us with an odyssey of a traveler known as Marlow who confronts the dangers of the Congo jungle while also witnessing the wicked, inhumane treatment of the African natives. In the story, Marlow represents Joseph Conrad who had actually traveled up the Congo in 1890 and witnessed the European exploitation of the African natives firsthand. In the Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad exposes the inhumanityRead MoreHeart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad1350 Words   |  6 Pagesyears, Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad was a treasured classic, with many honourable themes and messages, as the author reveals the true nature of humanity by following an European sailor’s journey through the dark jungles of Africa and down the river Congo, all while watching as his own humanity changes. As society has evolved, however, Heart of Darkness has come under scrutiny, as the language is quite racist. Chinua Achebe, writer of An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s Heart of DarknessRead MoreHeart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad1329 Words   |  5 Pages Heart of Darkness is a novel written by Joseph Conrad. The setting of the book is in Belgian Congo, which was the most infamous European colony in Africa. This is a story about the protagonist Marlow’s journey to self discovery, and his experiences in Congo. Conrad’s story explores the colonialism period in Africa to demonstrate Marlow’s struggles. Along the way, he faces insanity, death, his fear of failure, and cultural contamination as he makes his was to the inner station. Conrad through theRead MoreThe Heart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad968 Words   |  4 PagesJoseph Conrad’s novella The Heart of Darkness has been under controversy because of racial interpretations. The race factor in this novel has made some scholars and professors question the function the novella has in the classroom. However, Joseph Conrad had another view when writing the novel; to demonstrate how prejudice and dehumanizing the European culture is towards African Americans and their culture during this time period. European’s superior authority over African Americans is portrayedRead MoreHeart Of Darkness, By Joseph Conrad1306 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the â€Å"horror† in Heart of Darkness, and what particular literary images develop that idea of horror in the novel? In Joseph Conrad’s, Heart of Darkness, there can be many literary images found within that develop the idea of horror. Heart of Darkness is noted for its horror within the Congo between the Africans and the Europeans. The horror in Heart of Darkness is a contribution of many ideas that are formed and contributed from the European colonists. The purpose of this essay aims to argueRead MoreHeart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad1076 Words   |  5 PagesWritten in the late 1800’s, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness is a novella about one man’s travel into the Congo Free State by way of the Congo River. The title â€Å"Heart of Darkness† actually holds two different meanings. Heart of Darkness is both a metaphor for a psychological â€Å"dark side† of man, and an allusion to Africa. The title suggests both a physical and mental reference. During the time the novel takes place, Africa was nick-named the dark continent because of how little the Europeans knewRead MoreHeart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad Essay1483 Words   |  6 PagesJoseph Conrad, author of Heart of Darkness, intriguingly uses an unnamed narrator in his novel that clearly becomes of importance right away in the introduction. Conrad’s narrator chooses to speak of the historical period in which Roman colonization took over what we now know as Great Britain. By connecting a Roman colonization story to one almost 2000 years later talking about the Belgians in Africa, Conrad reveals one of his own themes in the novel. He proposes that the Romans and Belgians